Table 2 Financial burden determinants analysis results using a zero-inflated ordered logit regression on 2019 data only

Independent variables

 Geographic strata

  Zone (base: 1. Phnom Penh) [dummy]

   Plain

1.747**

(0.348)

0.983

(0.517)

   Tonle Sap

1.605*

(0.322)

1.668

(0.844)

   Coastal

1.758*

(0.390)

0.987

(0.561)

   Plateau/Mountain

1.741**

(0.357)

2.766#

(1.478)

  Urban/Rural area = 1, Urban

0.841*

(0.0657)

0.548*

(0.153)

 Socio-economic strata

  Wealth quintile (base: 1. Poorest) [dummy]

   Second

0.850#

(0.0834)

1.125

(0.395)

   Middle

0.717**

(0.0690)

1.148

(0.412)

   Fourth

0.581**

(0.0600)

1.026

(0.368)

   Wealthiest

0.397**

(0.0480)

4.189**

(1.766)

 Household (HH) structure [dummy]

  Household size [number of members] (base: 3–4)

   1–2

1.361**

(0.153)

0.970

(0.423)

   5–6

0.849#

(0.0726)

1.118

(0.276)

   7 and above

0.601**

(0.0646)

2.564**

(0.833)

  Other household characteristics

   Fully female household

1.587

(1.057)

   Older persons 60 years old and over

0.450*

(0.164)

 HH structure

  Children under 5 years old [members]

1.502*

(0.270)

  Persons with handicaps [dummy]

1.290

(0.504)

HH head characteristics [dummy]

 Age group [years old] (base: 35–44)

  17–24

3.718*

(2.043)

  25–34

2.930**

(0.930)

  45–54

1.214

(0.391)

  55–65

1.248

(0.472)

  65 and above

0.978

(0.676)

 Marital status (base: Married/in cohabitation)

  Divorced/Separated

0.104**

(0.0738)

  Widowed

1.467

(0.564)

  Never married or in partnership

0.429

(0.399)

 Ethnicity (base: Khmer)

  Cham

1.323

(0.976)

  Other

0.422

(0.226)

Social health protection coverage (card holding) [dummy]

 Health Equity Fund (HEF) or Priority Access Card

0.721**

(0.0859)

 National Social Security Fund (NSSF)

1.020

(0.102)

Free healthcare [dummy]

 HEF free healthcare in the last 12 months

0.270

(0.564)

 NSSF free healthcare in the last 12 months

2.885*

(1.362)

 Free healthcare excl. transportation in the last month

0.00370**

(0.00101)

Vulnerability [dummy]

 Household members had an accident in the last 12 months

0.835

(0.539)

 Handicap prevalent

1.290

(0.504)

Liabilities

 Indebted (unspecified reason) [dummy]

1.069

(0.0761)

Healthcare needs in the last 30 days

 Illness or injury [dummy]

252,828**

(317,272)

 Long illness prevalent for more than one year [members]

1.235**

(0.0808)

Diseases [dummy]

 Chronic diseases

  Neoplasms

2.301**

(0.596)

  Circular system diseases

1.130

(0.145)

  Other chronic diseases

0.908

(0.172)

 Infectious diseases

  Endocrine, metabolic, and digestive diseases

1.738**

(0.261)

  Respiratory infections diseases

0.851

(0.127)

  Other infections diseases

1.065

(0.124)

  Injuries/Trauma

1.709*

(0.411)

 Non-illness-related care [dummy]

  Maternal health (Ante- & postnatal care, delivery)

1.084

(0.160)

  Prevention (Vit A, deworming, immunization & health checks)

1.355**

(0.0964)

Healthcare seeking in the last 30 days

 Healthcare sought (any providers) [visits]

1.064**

(0.0197)

 Medical healthcare sought [members]

1.893**

(0.108)

 Inpatient days per hospitalization [days per member]

1.430**

(0.0573)

Disease impairment in the last 30 days

 Activity days lost because of illness [days]

1.038**

(0.00674)

Coping strategies

 Children 6–17 years old out of schooling [dummy]

1.120

(0.115)

Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure (OOPHE) funding sources in the last 30 days [dummy]

 Savings

1.284**

(0.0880)

 Borrowing

4.710**

(0.929)

 Selling of assets and production

8.400**

(3.941)

Constant

0.00789**

(0.00456)

/cut1

0.0447**

(0.0138)

/cut2

9.524**

(2.334)

/cut3

39.54**

(9.943)

Observations

10,075