Appendix Table 6 Wealth index composition and polychoric dual-component analysis eigenvalues results by year of survey. Source: authors calculations

Housing characteristics

-

  Lighting source

0–5

1.07486

0.032572

0.688424

1.234731

0.037416

0.646724

1.274412

0.038619

0.578102

   Public electricity

4

   Generator

5

   Battery

2

   Kerosene lamp

1

   Candle

0

   None

0

   Solar

3

  Cooking fuel source

0–3

1.004372

0.030436

0.71886

1.105785

0.033509

0.680232

1.135133

0.034398

0.6125

   Firewood

0

   Charcoal

1

   Gas LPG

2

   Kerosene

1

   Generator

3

   Public electricity

3

   None/does not cook

0

  Other utilities

-

   Garbage collection

0–1

0.119571

0.003623

1.023258

0.150842

0.004571

1.022157

0.174827

0.005298

1.002818

   Domestic staff expenses

0–1

-0.908391

-0.027527

1.000000

-0.946645

-0.028686

1.000000

-0.382291

-0.011585

1.000000

  Water and sanitation use

-

    Water source access [in wet or all seasons]

0–5

14.135378

0.428345

0.428345

12.435179

0.376824

0.376824

9.717023

0.294455

0.294455

   Piped in dwelling or on premises

4

   Public tap

1

   Tubed/piped well or borehole

3

   Protected dug well

2

   Unprotected dug well

1

   Pond, river or stream

0

   Pond, river or stream (pump to the house)

1

   Improved rainwater collection

2

   Unimproved rainwater collection

1

   Water bought (vendor brought water home)

3

   Water bought (collected by houehold)

2

   Bottled water

5

   Other

-

   Sanitation—Toilet [use]

0–4

3.338987

0.101181

0.529526

3.101949

0.093998

0.470822

3.170055

0.096062

0.390518

   Flush to sewerage

4

   Flush to septic tank or pit

3

   Flush to elsewhere

2

   Pit latrine with slab

2

   Pit latrine without slab or open pit

1

   Latrine overhanging field or water

1

   Public toilet/pit latrine or shared with others (any type)

1

   Open land

0

   None

-

   Other

-

  Construction materials

-

   Walls material

0–4

1.518923

0.046028

0.575554

1.698308

0.051464

0.522286

1.880073

0.056972

0.447489

   Bamboo, Thatch/leaves, Grass

0

   Wood or logs

3

   Plywood

1

   Concrete, brick, stone

4

   Metal sheets

2

   Fibrous cement/Asbestos

2

   Makeshift, mixed materials

0

   Clay/dung with straw

0

   Roof material

0–5

1.367545

0.041441

0.616995

1.456344

0.044132

0.566418

1.602116

0.048549

0.496038

   Thatch/leaves/grass

0

   Tiles

4

   Fibrous cement

3

   Metal

2

   Salvaged materials

1

   Mixed expensive materials

5

   Mixed cheap materials

1

   Concrete

5

   Plastic sheet

0

   Other

-

   Floor material

0–5

1.282313

0.038858

0.655853

1.415370

0.042890

0.609308

1.433703

0.043446

0.539484

   Earth, clay

0

   Wooden planks

2

   Bamboo strips

1

   Cement/Brick/Stone

3

   Parquet, polished wood

5

   Polished stone, marble

5

   Vinyl

2

   Ceramic tiles

4

   Other

-

  Housing configuration

-

   Rooms per household member equivalent

continuous

0.093270

0.002826

1.026084

0.096036

0.002910

1.025067

0.163895

0.004967

1.007785

   Total floor area per household member equivalent

continuous

0.076602

0.002321

1.028406

0.080025

0.002425

1.027492

0.099410

0.003012

1.010797

   Ownership of dwelling/Paid rental

0–1

-0.028998

-0.000879

1.027527

0.039413

0.001194

1.028686

0.025986

0.000787

1.011585

Durable goods, assets

-

  Home electronics

-

   Radio

0–3

0.889344

0.026950

0.745810

0.980772

0.029720

0.709953

1.066217

0.032310

0.644810

   Television

0–3

0.846332

0.025646

0.771456

0.925784

0.028054

0.738007

1.060655

0.032141

0.676951

   Video/VCD/DVD player/recorder

0–1

0.794845

0.024086

0.795542

0.868142

0.026307

0.764314

0.913341

0.027677

0.704628

   Stereo

0–1

0.779111

0.023609

0.819152

0.792622

0.024019

0.788333

0.845955

0.025635

0.730263

   Telephone

0–1

0.714082

0.021639

0.840791

0.740957

0.022453

0.810786

0.821022

0.024879

0.755143

   Cell phone

0–3

0.643872

0.019511

0.860302

0.699871

0.021208

0.831994

0.773627

0.023443

0.778586

   Satellite dish

0–3

0.548980

0.016636

0.876938

0.672854

0.020390

0.852384

0.742330

0.022495

0.801081

  Personal transportation

-

   Bicycle

0–3

0.539708

0.016355

0.893293

0.599118

0.018155

0.870539

0.716684

0.021718

0.822798

   Motorcycle

0–3

0.501489

0.015197

0.908489

0.561137

0.017004

0.887543

0.685109

0.020761

0.843559

   Car

0–3

0.456968

0.013848

0.922337

0.521719

0.015810

0.903353

0.628520

0.019046

0.862605

   Jeep/Van

0–1

0.424821

0.012873

0.935210

0.487098

0.014761

0.918113

0.561167

0.017005

0.879610

   Household equipment/appliances

-

   Sewing machine

0–1

0.419604

0.012715

0.947925

0.457098

0.013851

0.931965

0.532325

0.016131

0.895741

   Refrigerator

0–3

0.385730

0.011689

0.959614

0.435408

0.013194

0.945159

0.512144

0.015520

0.911261

   Air conditioner

0–3

0.316633

0.009595

0.969209

0.391311

0.011858

0.957017

0.464626

0.014080

0.925341

   Electric Kitchen/Gas Stove

0–3

0.309418

0.009376

0.978585

0.370532

0.011228

0.968245

0.441942

0.013392

0.938733

   Washing machine

0–3

0.286156

0.008671

0.987257

0.342931

0.010392

0.978637

0.408911

0.012391

0.951124

  Power sources

-

   Generator

0–1

0.265435

0.008043

0.995300

0.315809

0.009570

0.988207

0.377023

0.011425

0.962549

   Batteries

0–3

0.246038

0.007456

1.002756

0.274713

0.008325

0.996532

0.341707

0.010355

0.972904

  Furniture

-

   Wardrobe, cabinets

0–3

0.196844

0.005965

1.008721

0.260805

0.007903

1.004435

0.306222

0.009279

0.982183

   Computer and printers

-

   Computer (desktop or laptop)

0–3

0.182374

0.005526

1.014247

0.242785

0.007357

1.011792

0.259192

0.007854

0.990037

   Agriculture and production

-

   Water pump

0–3

0.177783

0.005387

1.019635

0.191197

0.005794

1.017586

0.246939

0.007483

0.997520