Appendix Table 8 Descriptive statistics of explanatory variables (observations, percentage of households [%]). Source: authors calculations
Survey year | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2014 | 2019 | ||||
Strata | Obs | % | Obs | % | Obs | % |
Geographic strata | ||||||
Region | ||||||
Capital | 1,113 | 8.90% | 2,002 | 11.31% | 925 | 14.62% |
Other urban | 1,332 | 9.69% | 1,896 | 11.23% | 2,820 | 23.17% |
Other rural | 9,525 | 81.41% | 8,192 | 77.46% | 6,330 | 62.21% |
Zone | ||||||
Phnom Penh | 1,113 | 8.90% | 2,002 | 11.31% | 925 | 14.62% |
Plain | 4,993 | 40.78% | 4,127 | 37.51% | 3,200 | 35.26% |
Tonle Sap | 3,549 | 30.22% | 3,383 | 30.62% | 2,870 | 28.90% |
Coastal | 838 | 7.30% | 600 | 7.16% | 980 | 6.34% |
Plateau/Mountain | 1,477 | 12.80% | 1,978 | 13.40% | 2,100 | 14.88% |
Urban/Rural area | ||||||
Rural | 9,585 | 82.03% | 8,348 | 78.64% | 6,330 | 62.21% |
Urban | 2,385 | 17.97% | 3,742 | 21.36% | 3,745 | 37.79% |
Socio-economic strata | ||||||
Wealth quintile | ||||||
Poorest | 2,343 | 20.00% | 2,217 | 20.01% | 2,210 | 20.01% |
Second | 2,375 | 20.00% | 2,205 | 20.00% | 1,975 | 20.00% |
Middle | 2,359 | 20.00% | 2,303 | 20.00% | 1,987 | 20.00% |
Fourth | 2,396 | 20.00% | 2,401 | 20.00% | 1,947 | 20.00% |
Wealthiest | 2,491 | 20.00% | 2,964 | 20.00% | 1,956 | 20.00% |
Household (HH) structure | ||||||
Household size [number of members] | ||||||
1–2 | 1,220 | 10.11% | 1,443 | 11.93% | 1,242 | 12.47% |
3–4 | 4,557 | 37.96% | 5,199 | 43.06% | 4,435 | 44.61% |
5–6 | 4,179 | 34.99% | 4,037 | 33.41% | 3,321 | 32.70% |
7 and above | 2,014 | 16.95% | 1,411 | 11.60% | 1,077 | 10.22% |
Other household characteristics | ||||||
Married members under 18 years old | 86 | 0.74% | 62 | 0.53% | 74 | 0.65% |
Fully female household | 595 | 4.89% | 724 | 5.98% | 492 | 5.25% |
HH head characteristics | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
13–24 | 478 | 4.08% | 247 | 2.17% | 184 | 1.66% |
25–34 | 2,435 | 20.58% | 2,284 | 19.50% | 1,590 | 15.34% |
35–44 | 3,074 | 25.60% | 2,655 | 22.00% | 2,504 | 24.46% |
45–54 | 2,822 | 23.48% | 3,066 | 25.08% | 2,339 | 23.28% |
55–65 | 1,889 | 15.64% | 2,300 | 18.57% | 2,064 | 20.37% |
65 and above | 1,272 | 10.61% | 1,538 | 12.67% | 1,394 | 14.89% |
Education level | ||||||
No class | 2,930 | 25.01% | 2,584 | 22.71% | 1,830 | 17.92% |
Primary partial | 4,364 | 36.67% | 4,092 | 35.71% | 3,889 | 37.90% |
Primary complete | 936 | 7.78% | 941 | 7.86% | 795 | 8.01% |
Secondary lower partial | 2,457 | 20.36% | 2,498 | 20.08% | 2,059 | 20.77% |
Secondary lower completed | 178 | 1.43% | 234 | 1.77% | 167 | 1.73% |
Secondary upper partial | 797 | 6.44% | 922 | 6.61% | 746 | 7.68% |
Secondary upper completed | 133 | 1.06% | 404 | 2.83% | 264 | 2.40% |
Higher level | 156 | 1.25% | 406 | 2.42% | 319 | 3.60% |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Khmer | 11,484 | 95.74% | 11,634 | 96.07% | 9,564 | 95.67% |
Cham | 306 | 2.57% | 236 | 2.11% | 218 | 2.19% |
Other | 180 | 1.68% | 220 | 1.82% | 293 | 2.14% |
Marital status | ||||||
Married/in cohabitation | 9,486 | 79.35% | 9,361 | 77.74% | 8,120 | 79.57% |
Divorced/Separated | 379 | 3.16% | 312 | 2.53% | 223 | 2.20% |
Widowed | 1,880 | 15.57% | 2,193 | 17.93% | 1,563 | 16.46% |
Never married or in partnership | 225 | 1.92% | 224 | 1.80% | 169 | 1.77% |
Gender, male | 9,380 | 78.44% | 9,357 | 77.71% | 8,058 | 78.50% |
Disabled | 1,670 | 14.13% | 945 | 8.00% | 963 | 9.55% |
Handicapped | 1,670 | 14.13% | 945 | 8.00% | 882 | 8.76% |
Water and sanitation | ||||||
Access to improved water | 5,508 | 45.40% | 6,817 | 52.55% | 7,880 | 79.73% |
Access to improved sanitation | 4,419 | 35.86% | 7,399 | 57.68% | 7,859 | 80.36% |
Social health protection coverage (card holding) | ||||||
Health Equity Fund (HEF) or Priority Access Card | 189 | 1.59% | 1,145 | 10.32% | 1,082 | 10.34% |
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) | - | .% | - | .% | 1,440 | 14.92% |
Free healthcare | ||||||
Free healthcare in the last 12 months | 579 | 4.97% | 914 | 8.34% | 958 | 9.58% |
HEF free healthcare in the last 12 months | 359 | 3.03% | 595 | 5.43% | 387 | 3.65% |
Local poor list healthcare in last 12 months | 294 | 2.49% | 463 | 4.18% | 269 | 2.66% |
NSSF free healthcare in the last 12 months | - | .% | - | .% | 393 | 4.20% |
Other free healthcare in the last 12 months | 291 | 2.49% | 160 | 1.45% | 73 | 0.71% |
Reported free care excl. transportation in the last 30 days [OOPHE = 0] | 270 | 2.31% | 307 | 2.63% | 387 | 3.82% |
Vulnerability | ||||||
Accidents in last 12 months | 8,081 | 67.19% | 253 | 2.15% | 415 | 4.21% |
Disability/impairment prevalent | 2,769 | 23.30% | 1,706 | 14.47% | 1,702 | 16.89% |
Handicap prevalent | 1,587 | 15.74% | ||||
Liabilities | ||||||
Indebted (unspecified reason) | 4,498 | 37.91% | 3,604 | 31.55% | 3,638 | 34.47% |
Indebted because of illness | 454 | 3.83% | 277 | 2.41% | 154 | 1.66% |
Disease prevalence in the last 30 days | ||||||
Healthcare needs or consumption reported | 5,706 | 47.80% | 5,889 | 50.41% | 5,787 | 56.86% |
Illness or injury | 5,340 | 44.74% | 5,801 | 49.67% | 5,613 | 55.14% |
Long illness (> 1 year) | 1,403 | 11.86% | 1,396 | 11.84% | 1,997 | 19.79% |
Non-illness-related care needed | 1,622 | 13.94% | 1,779 | 14.49% | 2,274 | 23.84% |
Maternity care (Ante- & postnatal care, delivery) | 319 | 2.72% | 168 | 1.50% | 284 | 2.73% |
Prevention (Vit A, deworming, immunization, health checks) | 195 | 1.63% | 1,351 | 10.87% | 1,997 | 21.23% |
Other healthcare (non-illness or injury-related) | 1,164 | 10.06% | 307 | 2.49% | 72 | 0.63% |
Health condition | 5,340 | 44.74% | 5,801 | 49.67% | 5,613 | 55.14% |
Infectious diseases | - | - | 3,783 | 32.34% | 3,919 | 37.85% |
Respiratory infectious diseases | - | .% | 2,268 | 18.96% | 513 | 4.88% |
Other infectious diseases | - | .% | 1,877 | 16.49% | 3,493 | 33.79% |
Chronic diseases | 1,933 | 19.61% | ||||
Neoplasms | - | .% | - | .% | 104 | 1.00% |
Endocrine, metabolic, and digestive diseases | - | .% | - | .% | 604 | 5.92% |
Circular system diseases | - | .% | - | .% | 1,062 | 11.04% |
Other chronic diseases | - | .% | - | .% | 261 | 2.60% |
Other or undiagnosed diseases | 5,340 | 44.74% | 2,346 | 20.13% | 95 | 0.87% |
Injuries/Trauma | 25 | 0.22% | 138 | 1.41% | ||
Healthcare seeking in the last 30 days | ||||||
Healthcare sought (any providers) | 5,407 | 45.27% | 5,781 | 49.51% | 5,731 | 56.31% |
Healthcare for illness/injury sought | 4,269 | 35.45% | 5,633 | 48.31% | 5,448 | 53.36% |
Medical healthcare sought | 4,238 | 35.29% | 5,174 | 43.96% | 5,351 | 52.46% |
HH members hospitalized | - | .% | 423 | 3.69% | 576 | 5.46% |
Disease impairment in the last 30 days | ||||||
HH members stopping of activities (any) | 920 | 7.74% | 599 | 5.28% | 727 | 7.09% |
HH members stopping activities without hospitalization | 920 | 7.74% | 411 | 3.60% | 491 | 4.80% |
Excessive financial burden from healthcare (EFB) incidence in the last 30 days | ||||||
At 10% of consumption, excluding out-of-pocket expenditure | 1,306 | 10.95% | 1,436 | 12.77% | 1,850 | 17.92% |
At 25% of consumption, excluding out-of-pocket expenditure | 529 | 4.41% | 557 | 5.04% | 742 | 7.29% |
Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in the last 30 days | ||||||
At 40% of national capacity-to-pay [WHO method] | 607 | 5.08% | 547 | 4.90% | 784 | 7.60% |
Coping strategies | ||||||
Coping strategy exhausted between 1–12 months | - | .% | 1,636 | 14.90% | 51 | 0.47% |
Coping strategy in the last 12 months | - | .% | 1,639 | 14.92% | 211 | 1.98% |
Coping strategy in the last 30 days | - | .% | 339 | 3.14% | 174 | 1.64% |
Children 6–14 years old out of schooling prevalent | 469 | 3.93% | 303 | 2.64% | 255 | 2.52% |
Children 15–17 years old out of schooling prevalent | 1,449 | 12.19% | 1,081 | 9.47% | 793 | 7.55% |
Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure (OOPHE) funding sources in the last 30 days | ||||||
Income | - | .% | 3,895 | 32.50% | 4,362 | 42.99% |
Savings | - | .% | 1,770 | 15.78% | 1,655 | 15.59% |
Borrowing | - | .% | 241 | 2.15% | 158 | 1.62% |
Selling of assets and production | - | .% | 95 | 0.84% | 34 | 0.33% |
Other unreported | - | .% | 165 | 1.37% | 164 | 1.59% |