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Table 3 Multiple-group interrupted time-series analysesǂ for outpatient attendance at national and regional levels, by urban and rural

From: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban-rural outpatient primary care utilisation in Malaysia: a retrospective time series and spatiotemporal analysis

Location

Pre-pandemic trend

(Jan 2019 – Feb 2020)

Trend after 1st lockdown implementation

(Mar – May 2020)

Trend after lifting of 1st lockdown

(June – Dec 2020)

Trend after 2nd lockdown implementation

(Jan – June 2021)

Coefficient (95% CI)

Coefficient (95% CI)

Coefficient (95% CI)

Coefficient (95% CI)

1. National¥

 Urban

 Rural

0.72% (0.05 to 1.39%) *

0.84% (0.25 to 1.44%) **

0.52% (-0.13 to 1.38%)

-23.58% (-29.79 to -16.83%) ***

-25.74% (-31.46 to -19.54%) ***

-22.22% (-28.21 to -15.72%) ***

1.39% (-0.67 to 3.49%)

1.54% (-0.38 to 3.49%)

0.07% (-1.82 to 1.99%)

0.14% (-1.25 to 1.55%)

0.16% (-2.27 to 2.64%)

0.15% (-2.28 to 2.63%)

2. Northern

 Urban

 Rural

0.84% (0.33 to 1.36%) **

0.88% (0.42 to 1.35%) **

0.72% (-0.10 to 1.54%)

-21.87% (-25.64 to -17.91%) ***

-21.32% (-26.03 to -16.30%) ***

-23.66% (-24.03 to -23.29%) ***

0.93% (-0.73 to 2.61%)

1.24% (-0.30 to 2.81%)

-0.17% (-2.08 to 1.77%)

-0.02% (-1.65 to 1.64%)

0.04% (-1.37 to 1.47%)

-0.21% (-2.78 to 2.43%)

3. Central

 Urban

 Rural

0.85% (0.16 to 1.53%) *

0.99% (0.39 to 1.60%) **

0.27% (-0.65 to 1.19%)

-29.10% (-38.06 to -18.84%) ***

-29.31% (-37.81 to -19.66%) ***

-18.57% (-21.19 to -15.87%) *** ^

1.56% (0.24 to 2.90%) *

1.92% (0.68 to 3.18%) **

-0.51% (-3.40 to 2.46%)

1.86% (-0.25 to 4.01%)

3.47% (1.71 to 5.26%) ***

-1.81% (-4.96 to 1.44%) ^

4. Southern¥

 Urban

 Rural

0.74% (-0.03 to 1.51%)

0.81% (-0.03 to 1.66%)

0.43% (-0.40 to 1.27%)

-24.18% (-29.06 to -18.97%) ***

-26.31% (-33.55 to -18.28%) ***

-24.38% (-31.81 to -16.14%) ***

1.87% (-1.81 to 5.69%)

2.56% (-0.07 to 5.12%) *

-0.17% (-2.60 to 2.32%)

-0.70% (-2.36 to 0.98%)

-0.75% (-3.84 to 2.45%)

0.65% (-2.49 to 3.89%)

5. East Coast

 Urban

 Rural

0.77% (-0.48 to 2.04%)

0.94% (-0.31 to 2.19%)

0.60% (-0.64 to 1.86%)

-25.68% (-31.90 to -18.88%) ***

-29.44% (-36.11 to -22.08%) ***

-21.81% (-27.10 to -16.14%) ***

1.72% (-0.87 to 4.37%)

2.39% (-0.58 to 5.45%)

1.06% (-1.09 to 3.25%)

-0.26% (-1.95 to 1.45%)

-0.81% (-2.90 to 1.33%)

0.29% (-1.07 to 1.67%)

6. Eastern

 Urban

 Rural

0.28% (-0.43 to 0.99%)

0.25% (-0.29 to 0.80%)

0.33% (-0.72 to 1.39%)

-16.22% (-23.88 to -7.79%) **

-16.44% (-26.89 to -4.49%) **

-15.39% (-19.09 to -11.51%) ***

0.86% (-0.93 to 2.68%)

0.37% (-1.36 to 2.14%)

0.29% (-1.70 to 2.31%)

-0.10% (-0.44 to 0.25%)

-1.85% (-2.30 to -1.40%) ***

0.28% (-0.38 to 0.94%) ^

  1. Note:
  2. Ç‚ Based on OLS regression method with Newey-West standard error except otherwise indicated
  3. ¥ Based on generalised least square regression
  4. ^ Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between urban and rural areas
  5. Statistical significance was denoted as follows: *0.01 ≤ p < 0.05, **0.001 ≤ p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001