Table 3 The process analysis of population policies

-Failure to on-time agenda setting of the population growth policies

-Delay in timely shifting from birth control to population growth policies’ implementation

-The politicization of population policy implementation

-Relative comprehensiveness of the birth control policy programs

Incomprehensive and delayed implementation

Poor and biased governance in implementation

-Disruptive bureaucratic processes in incentive policy implementation

-Insufficient operational guidelines for population growth policies

-Inadequate stakeholder engagement and coordination

-Weak financial and infrastructure for performing incentive policies

-Institutional fragmentation as a barrier to implementing population growth policy

-The slow performance of the Ministry of Health in implementing population growth policies

Challenging institutional performance

-Weak governance in attracting community participation in the population policy cycle

-Sociocultural duality of society-sovereignty in the implementation of PPs

-Healthcare providers’ insistence on the implementation of population growth policies

-Financial-technical conflicts in implementation

Top-down and conflicting policy process

-Negligence of essential ethical aspects in population policy implementation

-Disregard of individual and public rights in policy execution

-Ignoring unintended health outcomes of population policy implementation on community

The ethical and human rights challenge of implementation

-Absence of a monitoring and evaluation system in program implementation

-Weakness in data management

-Negligence of evidence for decreasing rate of total fertility

Ineffective monitoring and evaluation system