Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants categorized by public assistance

n

7283

66

7061

57

Dietary variety score (SD)

3.5 (2.6)

1.9 (2.7)

4.5 (2.6)

4.1 (2.6)

Age, mean (SD)

74.4 (6.2)

74.0 (6.4)

74.2 (6.2)

74.5 (6.4)

Eating together = Everyday, n (%)

5193 (71.3)

12 (18.2)

4892 (69.3)

26 (45.6)

Living status = living alone, n (%)

727 (10.0)

47 (71.2)

1287 (18.2)

28 (49.1)

Number of household members, n (SD)

2.6 (1.3)

1.6 (1.4)

2.4 (1.3)

1.8 (1.0)

Marital status = married, n (%)

1076 (14.8)

50 (75.8)

2427 (34.4)

34 (59.6)

Education, n (%)

 < 10 years

1210 (16.6)

25 (37.9)

1367 (19.4)

12 (21.1)

 10–12 years

2980 (40.9)

21 (31.8)

3359 (47.6)

33 (57.9)

 ≥ 13 years

3042 (41.8)

18 (27.3)

2286 (32.4)

12 (21.1)

 Other years

51 (0.7)

2 (3.0)

49 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

Household income, n (%)

 < 2 million yen

1258 (17.3)

52 (78.8)

1979 (28.0)

40 (70.2)

 2–4 million yen

3323 (45.6)

7 (10.6)

2797 (39.6)

8 (14.0)

 ≥ 4 million yen

2702 (37.1)

7 (10.6)

2285 (32.4)

9 (15.8)

Current medical treatment status, n (%)

 Hypertension

3574 (49.1)

27 (40.9)

3085 (43.7)

33 (57.9)

 Diabetes mellitus

1322 (18.2)

13 (19.7)

726 (10.3)

12 (21.1)

 Hyperlipidemia

1034 (14.2)

6 (9.1)

1497 (21.2)

12 (21.1)

 Canser

376 (5.2)

3 (4.5)

253 (3.6)

0 (0.0)

 Depression

45 (0.6)

1 (1.5)

68 (1.0)

3 (5.3)

Oral frailty risk (at risk), n (%)

1427 (19.6)

38 (57.6)

1354 (19.2)

14 (24.6)

IADL score, mean (SD)

9.9 (2.3)

9.6 (2.1)

11.3 (2.0)

10.7 (2.2)

Alcohol intake, n (%)

 Current

4442 (61.0)

32 (48.5)

1737 (24.6)

18 (31.6)

 Quit

1241 (17.0)

13 (19.7)

589 (8.3)

6 (10.5)

 Never

1600 (22.0)

21 (31.8)

4735 (67.1)

33 (57.9)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Current

1141 (15.7)

21 (31.8)

293 (4.1)

6 (10.5)

 Quit

4216 (57.9)

28 (42.4)

547 (7.7)

9 (15.8)

 Never

1926 (26.4)

17 (25.8)

6221 (88.1)

42 (73.7)

Number of remaining teeth, n (%)

 No teeth

527 (7.2)

10 (15.2)

366 (5.2)

5 (8.8)

 1–4

435 (6.0)

12 (18.2)

246 (3.5)

3 (5.3)

 5–9

580 (8.0)

16 (24.2)

450 (6.4)

7 (12.3)

 10–19

1355 (18.6)

19 (28.8)

1286 (18.2)

10 (17.5)

 ≥20

4386 (60.2)

9 (13.6)

4713 (66.7)

32 (56.1)

Using denture or bridge = yes, n (%)

4611 (63.3)

44 (66.7)

4397 (62.3)

40 (70.2)

Frequency of intake of food group = daily or almost daily, n (%)

 Fish/seafood

2202 (30.2)

12 (18.2)

2581 (36.6)

20 (35.1)

 Meat

2067 (28.4)

14 (21.2)

2865 (40.6)

21 (36.8)

 Eggs

3228 (44.3)

23 (34.8)

3585 (50.8)

27 (47.4)

 Dairy products

4176 (57.3)

12 (18.2)

4965 (70.3)

39 (68.4)

 Soy products

2862 (39.3)

17 (25.8)

3633 (51.5)

24 (42.1)

 Green/yellow vegetables

4088 (56.1)

15 (22.7)

5090 (72.1)

39 (68.4)

 Fruits

3567 (49.0)

12 (18.2)

4771 (67.6)

34 (59.6)

 Seaweed

1478 (20.3)

9 (13.6)

1841 (26.1)

11 (19.3)

 Potatoes

871 (12.0)

7 (10.6)

1328 (18.8)

8 (14.0)

 Fats/oils

1062 (14.6)

5 (7.6)

1401 (19.8)

8 (14.0)