Table 1 Key findings from interviews

Wayfinding

Experts emphasized the importance of intuitive layouts and minimal spatial complexity

Implement linear or centralized spatial layouts to reduce confusion and promote ease of navigation

Visually impaired individuals preferred tactile and auditory cues for navigation over visual cues

Integrate tactile floor patterns, raised markers, or auditory wayfinding aids in strategic areas like corridors and entry points

Lighting

Occupational therapists highlighted the need for controlled natural light to minimize glare

Use top-mounted windows and adjustable lighting systems to ensure adequate brightness and privacy while reducing glare risks

Families of visually impaired individuals stressed the importance of consistent lighting in all areas

Avoid abrupt light–dark transitions and provide uniform, adjustable lighting across spaces for visual comfort

Tactile materials

Designers suggested contrasting textures for differentiating zones or areas of activity

Use a combination of durable materials like stone or concrete for high-traffic zones and softer materials in rest areas

Visually impaired individuals appreciated materials that offered a sense of warmth and security

Incorporate warmer textures and colors for areas intended for relaxation or socialization

Safety

Experts emphasized the significance of removing thresholds and minimizing abrupt changes in flooring

Ensure continuous flooring materials without trip hazards and use smooth transitions between rooms or levels

Family members shared concerns about sharp corners or protruding furniture edges

Design with rounded furniture edges and adequate spacing to prevent injuries

Spatial navigation

Users preferred modular designs that could be personalized to their routines and preferences

Develop flexible layouts that allow for customization based on the user’s daily activities and mobility patterns

Occupational therapists recommended placing essential elements (e.g., switches, handles) within reachable zones

Maintain ergonomic design principles to enhance accessibility, placing controls and furniture within easy reach for visually impaired users

Daily living challenges

Users highlighted difficulties in locating frequently used items and adapting to unfamiliar spaces

Include dedicated storage areas with tactile markers or braille labels to facilitate organization and ease of access

Experts suggested the integration of assistive technologies to simplify daily tasks

Incorporate smart home technologies, such as voice-activated systems or automated appliances, to improve convenience and independence

Design preferences

- Families preferred designs that balance functionality with aesthetic appeal

Use materials and layouts that are both practical for visually impaired individuals and visually pleasing for a broader audience

Visually impaired users valued sensory-rich environments with distinct textures, sounds, and scents

Integrate sensory elements like aromatic plants, textured walls, or soundscaping to enhance the environment for all senses

Category

Key Findings from Interviews

Insights for Design Recommendations